Composition & metallurgy

High-carbon or alloy steels using silicon, manganese, chromium and vanadium depending on section size and duty.

Common grades

SAE 1074/1075, 1095, 5160, 6150; EN 51CrV4 and silicon-manganese spring grades are common examples.

Applications

Coil springs, leaf springs, torsion bars, clips, retaining rings, agricultural tines, valve springs and precision spring components.

Engineering characteristics

Surface quality, decarburization, heat treatment, shot peening and residual stress control are crucial to fatigue life.

Known manufacturers

Japan — Nippon Steel, Daido and specialty spring-wire suppliers; India — Tata Steel and specialty long-product producers; Europe — Ovako, Saarstahl; China and South Korea — major wire rod and spring-steel producers including Baowu affiliates and POSCO.

Specification checks

Confirm the current standard revision, exact product form, heat-treatment condition, mechanical properties, impact requirements where applicable, corrosion environment, welding procedure, dimensions, tolerances, NDT and mill test certification. Similar designations across standards are not automatically equivalent.

Element Folio engineering reference. Manufacturer examples are indicative and product availability changes by plant, region and year.