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Element Folio

Category: Elements & Periodic Table

Element profiles, periodic trends, groups and periodic-table reference guides.

  • Strontium (Sr): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Strontium (Sr) has atomic number 38 and is classified as a alkaline earth metal. It sits in Group 2, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes red pyrotechnics, ferrite magnets, ceramics, glass and medical isotope applications.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 38 Symbol Sr
    Relative atomic mass 87.62 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 2 Period 5
    Classification alkaline earth metal Block s-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Alkaline earth metals are reactive s-block metals that commonly form +2 ions. Their compounds are important in construction, refractories, metallurgy, chemicals and biological systems.

    Strontium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Strontium matters

    In engineering and technology, strontium is associated with red pyrotechnics, ferrite magnets, ceramics, glass and medical isotope applications. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of strontium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Strontium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Beryllium (Be) · Magnesium (Mg) · Calcium (Ca) · Rubidium (Rb)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Yttrium (Y): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Yttrium (Y) has atomic number 39 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 3, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes phosphors, advanced ceramics, superalloys, lasers and high-temperature superconducting materials.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 39 Symbol Y
    Relative atomic mass 88.9058 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 3 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Yttrium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Yttrium matters

    In engineering and technology, yttrium is associated with phosphors, advanced ceramics, superalloys, lasers and high-temperature superconducting materials. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of yttrium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Yttrium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Scandium (Sc) · Lutetium (Lu) · Lawrencium (Lr) · Strontium (Sr)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Zirconium (Zr): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Zirconium (Zr) has atomic number 40 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 4, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear fuel cladding, chemical equipment, refractories, ceramics and zirconia engineering components.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 40 Symbol Zr
    Relative atomic mass 91.224 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 4 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Zirconium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Zirconium matters

    In engineering and technology, zirconium is associated with nuclear fuel cladding, chemical equipment, refractories, ceramics and zirconia engineering components. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of zirconium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Zirconium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Titanium (Ti) · Hafnium (Hf) · Rutherfordium (Rf) · Yttrium (Y)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Niobium (Nb): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Niobium (Nb) has atomic number 41 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 5, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superconducting magnets, high-strength low-alloy steels, superalloys and electronic resonators.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 41 Symbol Nb
    Relative atomic mass 92.9064 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 5 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Niobium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Niobium matters

    In engineering and technology, niobium is associated with superconducting magnets, high-strength low-alloy steels, superalloys and electronic resonators. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of niobium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Niobium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Vanadium (V) · Tantalum (Ta) · Dubnium (Db) · Zirconium (Zr)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Molybdenum (Mo): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Molybdenum (Mo) has atomic number 42 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 6, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes alloy steels, high-temperature components, catalysts, lubricants and corrosion-resistant alloys.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 42 Symbol Mo
    Relative atomic mass 95.95 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 6 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Molybdenum belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Molybdenum matters

    In engineering and technology, molybdenum is associated with alloy steels, high-temperature components, catalysts, lubricants and corrosion-resistant alloys. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of molybdenum depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Molybdenum depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Chromium (Cr) · Tungsten (W) · Seaborgium (Sg) · Niobium (Nb)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Technetium (Tc): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Technetium (Tc) has atomic number 43 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 7, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes medical diagnostic imaging and research involving short-lived radioactive isotopes.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 43 Symbol Tc
    Relative atomic mass [98] State at room temperature Solid
    Group 7 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Technetium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Technetium matters

    In engineering and technology, technetium is associated with medical diagnostic imaging and research involving short-lived radioactive isotopes. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of technetium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Technetium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Manganese (Mn) · Rhenium (Re) · Bohrium (Bh) · Molybdenum (Mo)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Ruthenium (Ru): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Ruthenium (Ru) has atomic number 44 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 8, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes electrical contacts, catalysts, wear-resistant alloys and advanced electronic materials.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 44 Symbol Ru
    Relative atomic mass 101.07 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 8 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Ruthenium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Ruthenium matters

    In engineering and technology, ruthenium is associated with electrical contacts, catalysts, wear-resistant alloys and advanced electronic materials. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of ruthenium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Ruthenium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Iron (Fe) · Osmium (Os) · Hassium (Hs) · Technetium (Tc)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Rhodium (Rh): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Rhodium (Rh) has atomic number 45 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 9, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes automotive catalysts, reflective coatings, electrical contacts and high-temperature thermocouples.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 45 Symbol Rh
    Relative atomic mass 102.9055 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 9 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Rhodium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Rhodium matters

    In engineering and technology, rhodium is associated with automotive catalysts, reflective coatings, electrical contacts and high-temperature thermocouples. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of rhodium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Rhodium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Cobalt (Co) · Iridium (Ir) · Meitnerium (Mt) · Ruthenium (Ru)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Palladium (Pd): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Palladium (Pd) has atomic number 46 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 10, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes automotive catalysts, electronics, hydrogen purification, chemical processing and jewelry.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 46 Symbol Pd
    Relative atomic mass 106.42 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 10 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Palladium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Palladium matters

    In engineering and technology, palladium is associated with automotive catalysts, electronics, hydrogen purification, chemical processing and jewelry. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of palladium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Palladium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Nickel (Ni) · Platinum (Pt) · Darmstadtium (Ds) · Rhodium (Rh)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Cadmium (Cd): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Cadmium (Cd) has atomic number 48 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 12, period 5 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nickel-cadmium batteries, coatings and pigments in declining or tightly controlled applications.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 48 Symbol Cd
    Relative atomic mass 112.414 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 12 Period 5
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Cadmium belongs to period 5. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Cadmium matters

    In engineering and technology, cadmium is associated with nickel-cadmium batteries, coatings and pigments in declining or tightly controlled applications. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of cadmium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Cadmium and several of its compounds can present significant toxicological hazards. Exposure limits, waste controls and the exact chemical form must be considered before industrial use.

    Related elements

    Zinc (Zn) · Mercury (Hg) · Copernicium (Cn) · Silver (Ag)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons