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Element Folio

Category: Advanced Materials Intelligence

Research, breakthroughs and emerging technologies across advanced materials science.

  • Protactinium (Pa): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Protactinium (Pa) has atomic number 91 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes fundamental nuclear research with no large-scale commercial use.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 91 Symbol Pa
    Relative atomic mass 231.03588 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Protactinium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Protactinium matters

    In engineering and technology, protactinium is associated with fundamental nuclear research with no large-scale commercial use. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of protactinium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Protactinium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Thorium (Th) · Uranium (U)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Uranium (U): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Uranium (U) has atomic number 92 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear fuel, isotope production, dense counterweights and research.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 92 Symbol U
    Relative atomic mass 238.02891 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Uranium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Uranium matters

    In engineering and technology, uranium is associated with nuclear fuel, isotope production, dense counterweights and research. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of uranium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Uranium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Protactinium (Pa) · Neptunium (Np)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Neptunium (Np): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Neptunium (Np) has atomic number 93 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear research and production pathways for selected plutonium isotopes.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 93 Symbol Np
    Relative atomic mass [237] State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Neptunium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Neptunium matters

    In engineering and technology, neptunium is associated with nuclear research and production pathways for selected plutonium isotopes. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of neptunium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Neptunium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Uranium (U) · Plutonium (Pu)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Lutetium (Lu): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Lutetium (Lu) has atomic number 71 and is classified as a lanthanide. It sits in Group 3, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes PET detector crystals, catalysts, high-index optics and specialized research materials.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 71 Symbol Lu
    Relative atomic mass 174.9668 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 3 Period 6
    Classification lanthanide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Lanthanides are f-block metals known for closely related chemistry and valuable magnetic, optical and catalytic properties. They are important in permanent magnets, phosphors, lasers, catalysts and advanced electronic systems.

    Lutetium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Lutetium matters

    In engineering and technology, lutetium is associated with PET detector crystals, catalysts, high-index optics and specialized research materials. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of lutetium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Lutetium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Scandium (Sc) · Yttrium (Y) · Lawrencium (Lr) · Ytterbium (Yb)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Hafnium (Hf): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Hafnium (Hf) has atomic number 72 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 4, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superalloys, nuclear control rods, plasma-cutting electrodes and high-k semiconductor dielectrics.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 72 Symbol Hf
    Relative atomic mass 178.49 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 4 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Hafnium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Hafnium matters

    In engineering and technology, hafnium is associated with superalloys, nuclear control rods, plasma-cutting electrodes and high-k semiconductor dielectrics. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of hafnium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Hafnium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Titanium (Ti) · Zirconium (Zr) · Rutherfordium (Rf) · Lutetium (Lu)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Tantalum (Ta): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Tantalum (Ta) has atomic number 73 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 5, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes electronic capacitors, corrosion-resistant process equipment, superalloys and medical implants.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 73 Symbol Ta
    Relative atomic mass 180.94788 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 5 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Tantalum belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Tantalum matters

    In engineering and technology, tantalum is associated with electronic capacitors, corrosion-resistant process equipment, superalloys and medical implants. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of tantalum depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Tantalum depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Vanadium (V) · Niobium (Nb) · Dubnium (Db) · Hafnium (Hf)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Tungsten (W): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Tungsten (W) has atomic number 74 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 6, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes cutting tools, wear parts, high-temperature components, electrodes and dense counterweights.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 74 Symbol W
    Relative atomic mass 183.84 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 6 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Tungsten belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Tungsten matters

    In engineering and technology, tungsten is associated with cutting tools, wear parts, high-temperature components, electrodes and dense counterweights. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of tungsten depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Tungsten depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Chromium (Cr) · Molybdenum (Mo) · Seaborgium (Sg) · Tantalum (Ta)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Rhenium (Re): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Rhenium (Re) has atomic number 75 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 7, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nickel-base superalloys, petroleum catalysts, thermocouples and high-temperature aerospace components.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 75 Symbol Re
    Relative atomic mass 186.207 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 7 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Rhenium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Rhenium matters

    In engineering and technology, rhenium is associated with nickel-base superalloys, petroleum catalysts, thermocouples and high-temperature aerospace components. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of rhenium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Rhenium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Manganese (Mn) · Technetium (Tc) · Bohrium (Bh) · Tungsten (W)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Osmium (Os): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Osmium (Os) has atomic number 76 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 8, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes very hard alloys, electrical contacts, catalysts and specialized microscopy chemistry.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 76 Symbol Os
    Relative atomic mass 190.23 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 8 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Osmium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Osmium matters

    In engineering and technology, osmium is associated with very hard alloys, electrical contacts, catalysts and specialized microscopy chemistry. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of osmium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Osmium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Iron (Fe) · Ruthenium (Ru) · Hassium (Hs) · Rhenium (Re)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Iridium (Ir): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Iridium (Ir) has atomic number 77 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 9, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes spark plugs, crucibles, catalysts, electronics and extreme-corrosion applications.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 77 Symbol Ir
    Relative atomic mass 192.217 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 9 Period 6
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Iridium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Iridium matters

    In engineering and technology, iridium is associated with spark plugs, crucibles, catalysts, electronics and extreme-corrosion applications. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of iridium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Iridium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Cobalt (Co) · Rhodium (Rh) · Meitnerium (Mt) · Osmium (Os)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons