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Element Folio

Category: Elements & Periodic Table

Element profiles, periodic trends, groups and periodic-table reference guides.

  • Thallium (Tl): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Thallium (Tl) has atomic number 81 and is classified as a post-transition metal. It sits in Group 13, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes specialty electronics, infrared optics and research applications under strict toxicity controls.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 81 Symbol Tl
    Relative atomic mass 204.38 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 13 Period 6
    Classification post-transition metal Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Post-transition metals lie mainly in the p-block and often combine metallic conductivity with comparatively low melting points or distinctive alloying behavior. Their applications span electronics, solders, coatings and specialized process materials.

    Thallium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Thallium matters

    In engineering and technology, thallium is associated with specialty electronics, infrared optics and research applications under strict toxicity controls. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of thallium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Thallium and several of its compounds can present significant toxicological hazards. Exposure limits, waste controls and the exact chemical form must be considered before industrial use.

    Related elements

    Boron (B) · Aluminum (Al) · Gallium (Ga) · Mercury (Hg)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Lead (Pb): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Lead (Pb) has atomic number 82 and is classified as a post-transition metal. It sits in Group 14, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes lead-acid batteries, radiation shielding, weights and legacy construction applications under strict controls.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 82 Symbol Pb
    Relative atomic mass 207.2 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 14 Period 6
    Classification post-transition metal Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Post-transition metals lie mainly in the p-block and often combine metallic conductivity with comparatively low melting points or distinctive alloying behavior. Their applications span electronics, solders, coatings and specialized process materials.

    Lead belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Lead matters

    In engineering and technology, lead is associated with lead-acid batteries, radiation shielding, weights and legacy construction applications under strict controls. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of lead depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Lead and several of its compounds can present significant toxicological hazards. Exposure limits, waste controls and the exact chemical form must be considered before industrial use.

    Related elements

    Carbon (C) · Silicon (Si) · Germanium (Ge) · Thallium (Tl)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Bismuth (Bi): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Bismuth (Bi) has atomic number 83 and is classified as a post-transition metal. It sits in Group 15, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes pharmaceuticals, low-melting alloys, lead-free solders, pigments and thermoelectric research.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 83 Symbol Bi
    Relative atomic mass 208.98040 State at room temperature Solid
    Group 15 Period 6
    Classification post-transition metal Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Post-transition metals lie mainly in the p-block and often combine metallic conductivity with comparatively low melting points or distinctive alloying behavior. Their applications span electronics, solders, coatings and specialized process materials.

    Bismuth belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Bismuth matters

    In engineering and technology, bismuth is associated with pharmaceuticals, low-melting alloys, lead-free solders, pigments and thermoelectric research. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of bismuth depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Bismuth depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Nitrogen (N) · Phosphorus (P) · Arsenic (As) · Lead (Pb)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Polonium (Po): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Polonium (Po) has atomic number 84 and is classified as a post-transition metal. It sits in Group 16, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes research, specialized heat-source and antistatic applications historically, with severe radiological controls.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 84 Symbol Po
    Relative atomic mass [209] State at room temperature Solid
    Group 16 Period 6
    Classification post-transition metal Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Post-transition metals lie mainly in the p-block and often combine metallic conductivity with comparatively low melting points or distinctive alloying behavior. Their applications span electronics, solders, coatings and specialized process materials.

    Polonium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Polonium matters

    In engineering and technology, polonium is associated with research, specialized heat-source and antistatic applications historically, with severe radiological controls. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of polonium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Polonium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Oxygen (O) · Sulfur (S) · Selenium (Se) · Bismuth (Bi)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Astatine (At): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Astatine (At) has atomic number 85 and is classified as a halogen. It sits in Group 17, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes research and experimental targeted alpha therapy because of its short-lived radioactive isotopes.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 85 Symbol At
    Relative atomic mass [210] State at room temperature Solid
    Group 17 Period 6
    Classification halogen Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Halogens are reactive p-block elements that commonly form -1 ions and many important salts or organic compounds. Their industrial value is substantial, but elemental forms and some compounds can require strict corrosion, toxicity or containment controls.

    Astatine belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Astatine matters

    In engineering and technology, astatine is associated with research and experimental targeted alpha therapy because of its short-lived radioactive isotopes. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of astatine depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Astatine is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Fluorine (F) · Chlorine (Cl) · Bromine (Br) · Polonium (Po)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Radon (Rn): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Radon (Rn) has atomic number 86 and is classified as a noble gas. It sits in Group 18, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes research only; it is primarily important as a naturally occurring radioactive health hazard.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 86 Symbol Rn
    Relative atomic mass [222] State at room temperature Gas
    Group 18 Period 6
    Classification noble gas Block p-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Noble gases have filled valence shells and are relatively unreactive under ordinary conditions. Their inertness is valuable in lighting, welding, semiconductor processing, cryogenics and scientific instrumentation.

    Radon belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Radon matters

    In engineering and technology, radon is associated with research only; it is primarily important as a naturally occurring radioactive health hazard. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of radon depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Radon is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Helium (He) · Neon (Ne) · Argon (Ar) · Astatine (At)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Francium (Fr): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Francium (Fr) has atomic number 87 and is classified as a alkali metal. It sits in Group 1, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes fundamental atomic and nuclear research because only minute short-lived quantities exist.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 87 Symbol Fr
    Relative atomic mass [223] State at room temperature Solid
    Group 1 Period 7
    Classification alkali metal Block s-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Alkali metals are highly reactive s-block metals with one valence electron. Their chemistry is dominated by +1 oxidation states, and they require careful handling because several react vigorously with air or water.

    Francium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Francium matters

    In engineering and technology, francium is associated with fundamental atomic and nuclear research because only minute short-lived quantities exist. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of francium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Francium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Hydrogen (H) · Lithium (Li) · Sodium (Na) · Radon (Rn)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Radium (Ra): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Radium (Ra) has atomic number 88 and is classified as a alkaline earth metal. It sits in Group 2, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes research and historical radiotherapy applications, now limited by major radiological hazards.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 88 Symbol Ra
    Relative atomic mass [226] State at room temperature Solid
    Group 2 Period 7
    Classification alkaline earth metal Block s-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Alkaline earth metals are reactive s-block metals that commonly form +2 ions. Their compounds are important in construction, refractories, metallurgy, chemicals and biological systems.

    Radium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Radium matters

    In engineering and technology, radium is associated with research and historical radiotherapy applications, now limited by major radiological hazards. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of radium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Radium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Beryllium (Be) · Magnesium (Mg) · Calcium (Ca) · Francium (Fr)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Thulium (Tm): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Thulium (Tm) has atomic number 69 and is classified as a lanthanide. It sits in f-block series, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes lasers, portable X-ray sources, research and specialty ceramic materials.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 69 Symbol Tm
    Relative atomic mass 168.93422 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 6
    Classification lanthanide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Lanthanides are f-block metals known for closely related chemistry and valuable magnetic, optical and catalytic properties. They are important in permanent magnets, phosphors, lasers, catalysts and advanced electronic systems.

    Thulium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Thulium matters

    In engineering and technology, thulium is associated with lasers, portable X-ray sources, research and specialty ceramic materials. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of thulium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Thulium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Erbium (Er) · Ytterbium (Yb)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Ytterbium (Yb): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Ytterbium (Yb) has atomic number 70 and is classified as a lanthanide. It sits in f-block series, period 6 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes fiber lasers, precision metrology, specialty alloys and research in quantum systems.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 70 Symbol Yb
    Relative atomic mass 173.045 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 6
    Classification lanthanide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Lanthanides are f-block metals known for closely related chemistry and valuable magnetic, optical and catalytic properties. They are important in permanent magnets, phosphors, lasers, catalysts and advanced electronic systems.

    Ytterbium belongs to period 6. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Ytterbium matters

    In engineering and technology, ytterbium is associated with fiber lasers, precision metrology, specialty alloys and research in quantum systems. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of ytterbium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    The hazards associated with Ytterbium depend on its physical form, purity, compounds, process temperature and exposure route. Engineering decisions should use the applicable safety data sheet and project-specific risk assessment.

    Related elements

    Thulium (Tm) · Lutetium (Lu)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons