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Element Folio

Category: Elements & Periodic Table

Element profiles, periodic trends, groups and periodic-table reference guides.

  • Rutherfordium (Rf): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Rutherfordium (Rf) has atomic number 104 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 4, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 104 Symbol Rf
    Relative atomic mass [267] State at room temperature Not established (synthetic)
    Group 4 Period 7
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Rutherfordium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Rutherfordium matters

    In engineering and technology, rutherfordium is associated with superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of rutherfordium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Rutherfordium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Titanium (Ti) · Zirconium (Zr) · Hafnium (Hf) · Lawrencium (Lr)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Dubnium (Db): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Dubnium (Db) has atomic number 105 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 5, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 105 Symbol Db
    Relative atomic mass [268] State at room temperature Not established (synthetic)
    Group 5 Period 7
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Dubnium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Dubnium matters

    In engineering and technology, dubnium is associated with superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of dubnium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Dubnium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Vanadium (V) · Niobium (Nb) · Tantalum (Ta) · Rutherfordium (Rf)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Seaborgium (Sg): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Seaborgium (Sg) has atomic number 106 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 6, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 106 Symbol Sg
    Relative atomic mass [269] State at room temperature Not established (synthetic)
    Group 6 Period 7
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Seaborgium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Seaborgium matters

    In engineering and technology, seaborgium is associated with superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of seaborgium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Seaborgium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Chromium (Cr) · Molybdenum (Mo) · Tungsten (W) · Dubnium (Db)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Bohrium (Bh): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Bohrium (Bh) has atomic number 107 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 7, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 107 Symbol Bh
    Relative atomic mass [270] State at room temperature Not established (synthetic)
    Group 7 Period 7
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Bohrium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Bohrium matters

    In engineering and technology, bohrium is associated with superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of bohrium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Bohrium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Manganese (Mn) · Technetium (Tc) · Rhenium (Re) · Seaborgium (Sg)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Hassium (Hs): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Hassium (Hs) has atomic number 108 and is classified as a transition metal. It sits in Group 8, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 108 Symbol Hs
    Relative atomic mass [277] State at room temperature Not established (synthetic)
    Group 8 Period 7
    Classification transition metal Block d-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Transition metals occupy the d-block and are central to structural alloys, catalysis, electrical systems and high-temperature engineering. Many display multiple oxidation states and form useful intermetallics or complex alloys.

    Hassium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Hassium matters

    In engineering and technology, hassium is associated with superheavy-element research with no bulk engineering application. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of hassium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Hassium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Iron (Fe) · Ruthenium (Ru) · Osmium (Os) · Bohrium (Bh)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Actinium (Ac): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Actinium (Ac) has atomic number 89 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes targeted alpha-therapy research, neutron sources and nuclear science.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 89 Symbol Ac
    Relative atomic mass [227] State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Actinium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Actinium matters

    In engineering and technology, actinium is associated with targeted alpha-therapy research, neutron sources and nuclear science. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of actinium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Actinium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Radium (Ra) · Thorium (Th)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Thorium (Th): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Thorium (Th) has atomic number 90 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear-fuel research, high-temperature alloys and historical gas-mantle applications.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 90 Symbol Th
    Relative atomic mass 232.0377 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Thorium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Thorium matters

    In engineering and technology, thorium is associated with nuclear-fuel research, high-temperature alloys and historical gas-mantle applications. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of thorium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Thorium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Actinium (Ac) · Protactinium (Pa)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Protactinium (Pa): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Protactinium (Pa) has atomic number 91 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes fundamental nuclear research with no large-scale commercial use.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 91 Symbol Pa
    Relative atomic mass 231.03588 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Protactinium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Protactinium matters

    In engineering and technology, protactinium is associated with fundamental nuclear research with no large-scale commercial use. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of protactinium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Protactinium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Thorium (Th) · Uranium (U)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Uranium (U): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Uranium (U) has atomic number 92 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear fuel, isotope production, dense counterweights and research.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 92 Symbol U
    Relative atomic mass 238.02891 State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Uranium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Uranium matters

    In engineering and technology, uranium is associated with nuclear fuel, isotope production, dense counterweights and research. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of uranium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Uranium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Protactinium (Pa) · Neptunium (Np)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons

  • Neptunium (Np): Properties, Uses and Periodic Table Guide

    Periodic Table Guide

    Neptunium (Np) has atomic number 93 and is classified as a actinide. It sits in f-block series, period 7 of the periodic table. Its practical relevance includes nuclear research and production pathways for selected plutonium isotopes.

    Quick facts

    Atomic number 93 Symbol Np
    Relative atomic mass [237] State at room temperature Solid
    Group f-block Period 7
    Classification actinide Block f-block

    Position in the periodic table

    Actinides are radioactive f-block metals. Their importance is concentrated in nuclear energy, isotope technology and fundamental research, with radiological protection and material containment central to their handling.

    Neptunium belongs to period 7. Its position helps explain recurring trends such as atomic size, bonding behavior, oxidation states and the way it interacts with neighboring elements.

    Why Neptunium matters

    In engineering and technology, neptunium is associated with nuclear research and production pathways for selected plutonium isotopes. The importance of the element may come from the pure element itself, from compounds containing it, or from its role as an alloying, electronic, catalytic or nuclear material.

    Engineering and scientific context

    Material behavior should never be inferred from the element name alone. Purity, isotope composition, crystal structure, processing history, temperature and the surrounding chemical environment can all change performance. In alloys and compounds, the contribution of neptunium depends on concentration and interaction with the other constituents.

    Safety and handling

    Neptunium is radioactive, so any practical work involving it requires specialist radiological controls, approved facilities and isotope-specific procedures.

    Related elements

    Uranium (U) · Plutonium (Pu)

    Reference sources

    For authoritative element data and current standard atomic-weight guidance, consult the Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table and the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements.

    Continue exploring: Periodic Table · Materials Library · Material Properties · Comparisons